Family Name Affixes
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Family name affixes
Family name affixes are a clue for family name etymology and determining ethnic origin of a person. This is a partial list of affixes.
Prefixes
-a- (Frisian) "One of the good guys", could be -ma, -stra, -ta. Frisians took the oath of the Free Frisians screaming 'Better dead then a slave' after which they could get their new familyname (see Eala Freya Fresena).
A- (Romanian) "son of"
ab (Welsh) "son of"
antune- (Portuguese) "Anthony"
ap (Welsh) "son of"
abu (Arabic) "father of" [Also used by Jews prior to 1300 BCE]
al (Arabic for "the" in names, e.g. al-Razi)
alt- (German) "old"
bab- (Polish, Ukrainian, Slovakian, Czech) "woman" especially "old woman"
beau- (French) "beautiful"
ben- (Aramaic, Hebrew) "son of"
bin (Arabic) "son of" [Also used by Jews prior to 1300 BCE]
birch- (English)
björk-, bjørk- (Swedish, Norwegian) "birch"
björn-, bjørn- (Swedish, Norwegian) "bear"
bjur- (Swedish) "beaver"
Da (Italian) "from"
De (Dutch) "the"; (French) "of"; (Italian)
Degli (Italian) "of the". Here the is a masculine plural object starting with either 'sp', 'sc', 'ps', 'z', 'gn' or 'st'.
Della (Italian) "of the". Here the is a feminine singular object.
Di (Italian) "son of"; (Spanish)
Dj- (Slovakian)
Dos (Portuguese,Spanish,Italian] "From"
Du (French) "of the". Here, 'the' is a masculine object, as 'de la' would be feminine and 'des' would be plural.
El (Spanish) ("the" from Arabic)
Esco- (Spanish) "broom"
Esch- (Dutch, German) "ash"
Fleisch- (German) "meat"
Fitz (Irish, from Norman French) "Son of", from Latin "filius", "son" (mistakenly thought to mean illegitimate son based on its use for certain illegitimate sons of English kings)
Gott- (German) "God"
Griff- (Welsh, English)
Kauf- (German) "trade" or "barter"
Koop- (Dutch) "trade" or "barter"
Naka-?? (Japanese) "middle"
Nic- (Irish, Scottish) "Daughter of"
Mac- (Irish, Scottish) "Son of"
Mc- (Irish) assumed to be an abbreviation of Mac, but often claimed to be particular to Irish language. Sometimes spelt Mc (with a superscript 'c').
ibn (Arabic) another form of "bin" in names, e.g. ibn Sina [Also used by Jews prior to 1300 BCE]
O' - (Irish) "Grandson of", "Descendant of"
Si- (Chinese) "Government Official" (?) used in some two character surnames such as Sima, Situ.
skog-, skoog- (Norwegian, Swedish) "forest"
ter (Dutch) "at the"
Tre (Cornish) "farm of"
van (Dutch) "of"
von (German) "of"
Suffixes
-a (typically in female names)
-aitis (Lithuanian) "son of"
-'aite (Lithuanian) signifies an unmarried female
-"aty" Americanized form
-aj (Albanian)
-ak (Polish, Ukrainian)
-ák (Czech)
-an (Romanian)
-anu (Romanian)
-arz (Polish)
-as (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian)
-auskas (Lithuanian) for the Polish -owski
-awan (Urdu)
-ba (Abkhazian) "male"
-bach, -back (German) "brook"
-baum (German) "tree"
-bee, -by (English) "homestead"
-berg (German, Swedish, Danish) "mountain" or "hill"
-burn, -burne (English) "brook"
-brook (English)
-brun, -brunn (German) "spring"
-cka (Polish) Feminine equivalent of cki
-cki (Polish)
-cký (Czech)
-cock, -cox (English) "little"
-chuk (Ukrainian)
-?ki (Serbian, Croatian)
-cote, -cott, -cutt (English) "cottage"
-craft, -croft (English) "small field"
-czak, -czuk, -czyk (Polish)
-dale (English) "valley"
-don (English) "hill"
-dorf (German) "village"
-dottir (Icelandic) "daughter"
-dze (Georgian)
-dzki (Polish)
-eanu (Romanian)
-eau (French) "water"
-ee (See -i)
-eff (Russian) (obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ev)
-ek (Czech, Polish)
-ems (Flemish)
-enas (Lithuanian) "son of"
-enko (Ukrainian) "son of"
-ens (Flemish)
-er (French, German, Turkish "male")
-ers (Flemish)
-es (Greek, Portuguese, Brazilian)
-escu (Romanian)
-ev (Bulgarian, Serbian) (possessive), all nationalities of Russia
-eva (Russian) Feminine equivalent of ev
-ez (Spanish) (including Spanish-speaking countries) "son of"
-fia, -fi (Hungarian) "descendant of" (literally "son of")
-ford (English)
-fort (French)
-gil, (Turkish, "family")
-gaard, -gard, -gård (Norwegian) "farm"
-garth (English, Scottish) "orchard"
-gate (English)
-gren (Swedish) "branch"
-haar (German) "hair"
-han (Turkish) "king, khan"
-höven, -hoeven (German) "small garden"
-i (Persian) "descendant of", "attributed to"
-ian, -yan (Armenian, Persian)
-iak (Polish, Polish) "descendant of"
-i? (Serbian, Bosniak, Croatian) (diminutive)
-evi? (Serbian, Bosniak, Croatian) (diminutive possessive), little son of)
-ovi? (Serbian, Bosniak, Croatian) (diminutive possessive), little son of)
-begovi? (Bosniak) (diminutive possessive of a beg, i.e. beg's little son)
-i? (Slovenian) (diminutive)
-icius (Lithuanian) actually Lithuanianized version of the Polish "icz"
-icz (Polish)
-ides (Greek), "son of"
-ik (Czech, Slovak, Polish)
-ikh, -ykh (Russian)
-ina (especially rare for male names, but the suffix alone is an actual female name)
-ing (Anglo-Saxon) "place of the people of"
-ino (a common suffix for male latino and Italian names)
-is (Greek, /male/ Lithuanian)
-iene (Lithuanian) female version
-yte (Lithuanian) unmarried female version
-iu (Romanian)
-ius (Lithuanian) "son of"
-ipa (Abkhazian) "son of"
-ipha (Abkhazian)"girl of"
-j (Adygean)"old"
-ka (Polish, Czech)
-kawa, -gawa ? (Japanese) "river"
-kin, -kins, -ken (English) "little"
-ko (Ukrainian)
-ko (Adygean) "son" ???
-kus (Lithuanian)
-la (or -lä) (Finnish)
-lein (German) "small"
-ley, -ly (English, Scottish) "wood," or "grove"
-li (Turkish) "from"
-lund (Swedish) "grove"
-man (English) "servant of," (Turkish) "male person"
-mann (German) "servant of"
-maz (Turkish) "does not" (e.g. "Y?lmaz = Yields not")
-men (Turkish) "male person"
-mont, -monte (French) "mountain" or "hill"
-nd (French)
-ne, -te /female/ (Lithuanian)
-nen (Finnish) "small" or "from"
-nko (Ukrainian)
-nova, -novas (Italian, Spanish) "new"
-novo (Spanish) "new"
-ný (Czech)
-nezhad, -nejad (Persian) "descendant of"
-o (typically in male names)
-off (Russian) (obsolete, copied from German transliteration of -ov)
-o?lu (Azerbaijani, Turkish) "son of"
-onis (Lithuanian) "son of"
-os (Greek)
-opoulos, -opulos (Greek)
-ou (Greek)
-ov (Bulgarian, Russian (all nationalities of Russia), Serbian) (possessive)
-ova (Bulgarian, Russian) Feminine equivalent of ov
-ow (Prussian, though found in predominantly German names, it is pronounced like English "ow" not like the German "ov")
-pern, -perin (German) "spring"
-pour, -poor (Persian) "son of"
-quist (Swedish) "twig"
-ridge, -redge, -rigg (English)
-rd (French)
-s /male/ (Latvian)
-s /male/ (Lithuanian)
-schmidt, -schmitt, -schmid, -schmit (German) "smith"
-sen (Danish, Norwegian)
-ssen (Norwegian)
-shvili (Georgian)
-shyn (Ukrainian)
-ski (Polish, Croatian) "estate of", (Macedonian, Bulgarian, Serbian (adjective), Russian) (often transliterated as -sky)
-ska (Polish) Feminine equivalent of ski
-skaya (Russian) Feminine equivalent of sky
-sky (Russian)
-ský (Czech)
-smith (English)
-son (English, Swedish) "son of"
-sson (Swedish, Icelandic) "son of"
-stad (Norwegian, Swedish, Danish) "farm, place"
-stein (German) "stone"
-stern (German) "star"
-strom (German) "stream"
-tæ (Ossetian) "belong to"
-tabar (Persian) "descendant of"
-thwait (Anglicized from the Danish) "meadow, clearing" introduced into British Isles by Vikings between 800 and 1066 AD
-to, -t?, -do, -d? ? (Japanese) "wisteria"
-ton, -ten, -tone (English) "town," "place" or "village"
-tzky (Polish)
-uk (Ukrainian)
-ulea (Romanian) "son of"
-ulis (Lithuanian)
-unas (Lithuanian) "son of"
-velt (Dutch) "farm" or "field"
-verde (Spanish) "green"
-vich, -vitz, -vych, -wicz, -witz, -witch (Russian, Polish) "son of"
-vi?ius (Lithuanian)
-vi?iute (Lithuanian)
-vili (Georgian)
-white, -waite (English) "clearing"
-wood (English)
-worth (English) "homestead"
-wright (English) "maker of"
-y (See -i)
-ycz (Polish)
-yk (Polish)
-ynas (Lithuanian) "son of"
-ysz (Polish)
-zadeh (Persian) "son of"
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